Method and reactor for producing one or more products

ABSTRACT

A feedstock gas, such as natural gas, is introduced into a mixing chamber. A combustible gas is introduced into a combustion chamber, for example simultaneously to the introduction of the feedstock gas. Thereafter, the combustible gas is ignited so as to cause the combustible gas to flow into the mixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between the combustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to mix with the feedstock gas. The mixing of the combustible gas with the feedstock gas causes one or more products to be produced.

This application is a national stage application claiming priority toPCT/CA2019/118417, now WO2020/118417, filed on Dec. 9, 2019, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/777,619, filed onDec. 10, 2018.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to a method and associated reactor forproducing one or more products, for example through cracking of afeedstock gas such as natural gas.

BACKGROUND TO THE DISCLOSURE

Chemical cracking of natural gas (CH₄) refers to the disassociation ofthe natural gas into its constituent components of carbon (C) andHydrogen (H₂). Conventional methods of hydrogen generation such as steammethane reforming (SMR) result in significant dilute CO₂ emissions whichmay require costly post-reforming cleanup to sequester. As a result, SMRproduces approximately 8-10 tonnes of CO₂ per tonne of H₂ produced.Adding CO₂ cleanup to SMR flue gas streams is generally cost prohibitiveunless penalties for carbon dioxide emissions increase to a tippingpoint.

Other methods of thermal decomposition to produce hydrogen and solidcarbon exist, such as thermal and liquid metal pyrolysis and plasmapyrolysis. These processes are generally tailored to maximize theproduction of solid carbon for associated carbon markets and are widelyused in these industries.

Thermal cracking of natural gas is typically a constant-pressure,steady-flow process whereby natural gas is heated until it reaches thetemperature required to begin the formation of hydrogen and carbon. Atthis point, the temperature is maintained for a certain time to completethe equilibrium reaction. As the temperature is increased, the timerequired for methane conversion decreases, assuming a constant pressureof 1 ATM (as shown in FIG. 1—drawing obtained from Kinetc model ofhomogeneous thermal decomposition of methane and ethane, MaryamYounessi-Sinaki, Edgar A. Matida, Feridun Hamdullahpur, CarletonUniversity, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 1125Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada, the entirety of which ishereby incorporated by reference).

In such steady flow reactors, the carbon formed tends to build up on thesurfaces of the reactor, eventually becoming so thick that the reactorperformance is compromised. Mechanical scraping processes, or burningthe carbon off the surfaces by introducing air into the reactor, are twocommon means of cleaning the reactor. Mechanical scraping is difficultto implement and may not be able to remove hard carbon deposits. Burningthe carbon off with air creates significant CO₂ emissions which isundesirable. It is therefore highly desirable to not form carbon on thesurfaces in the first place, and to send the produced carbon todownstream processes.

Furthermore, shorter reaction times are needed to reduce the size of thereactor, but this requires high temperatures and exotic materials whichare very costly. To try and overcome this, catalysts are added to thereactor which have the effect of lowering the reaction temperature.However, carbon build-up now also occurs on the surface of the catalystswhich deactivate over time and require a reactivation process, or arereplaced. Both of these options are costly and add complexity to theprocess.

Liquid media reactors, such as liquid metal reactors, involve a thermalprocess whereby natural gas is bubbled through a column ofhigh-temperature liquid, such as liquid metal or salts. As this is aconstant-pressure, steady-flow process, the same temperature vs. timereaction rates as described above apply. The benefit of this process isthat the separation of hydrogen and carbon is simplified as the producedhydrogen bubbles out of the top of the reactor column and the carbonfloats to the surface of the liquid media where is can theoretically beskimmed away. In some examples, liquid metal alloys have been identifiedwhich provide a catalytic effect and lower the reaction temperature. Inall cases, however, carbon build-up at the top of the reactor remains aproblem, and the use of molten media adds complexity, materialschallenges and cost to the reactor.

For most thermal processes, the energy required to heat the reactor andto maintain the process is usually supplied by burning some excessnatural gas with air. This flue gas releases CO₂ into the atmosphere andcontributes to global warming. In some cases, the excess carbon build-upand/or hydrogen can also be used to provide heat of reaction.

Plasma reactors pass natural gas at constant pressure through ahigh-temperature plasma which is created by electricity. Plasmas can becreated by the use of, for example, electrodes or microwaves. In thesereactors, carbon build-up can still be a problem but less so thanthermal reactors as the high temperature plasma is confined to a verysmall area. Unlike thermal reactors, plasma reactors rely solely onelectricity as the energy input. Compared to thermal systems, the costof electricity for the input energy is much higher than that for naturalgas, and therefore the resulting production cost of hydrogen and methaneis much higher.

There is therefore a need in the art for a natural gas cracking processwhich uses thermal energy that has lower capital cost and that suffersless from carbon build-up issues.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Generally, the present disclosure relates (but is not limited) to thecracking of natural gas into its components of carbon (C) and hydrogen(H₂), using dynamic gas compression and mixing to create the pressureand temperature needed to thermally decompose the natural gas. A goal ofthe process is to optimize the process for hydrogen yield and to recoversolid carbon as a secondary value stream, while minimizing carbongreenhouse emissions. When paired with a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC),the carbon product can be used to generate electricity and a pureproduct stream of CO₂ suitable for sequestration (see FIG. 2 ). Theresult is low-cost, “clean” hydrogen production.

According to a first aspect of the disclosure, there is provided amethod of producing one or more products, comprising: introducing afeedstock gas into a mixing chamber, wherein the feedstock gas comprisesone or more gases; introducing a combustible gas into a combustionchamber, wherein the combustible gas comprises one or more gases; andthereafter, igniting the combustible gas so as to cause the combustiblegas to flow into the mixing chamber via one or more fluid flow pathsbetween the combustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to mix withthe feedstock gas, wherein energy is transferred from the combustiblegas to the feedstock gas and thereby causes one or more products to beproduced.

The introductions of the feedstock gas and the combustible gas may besuch that the feedstock gas substantially does not mix, or undergoesvery little or negligible mixing, with the combustible gas prior to theigniting.

The method may further comprise stopping further production of the oneor more products.

The method may further comprise preheating the feedstock gas prior tointroducing the feedstock gas into the mixing chamber.

The method may further comprise preheating the combustible gas prior tointroducing the combustible gas into the combustion chamber.

A ratio of a volume of the mixing chamber to a volume of the combustionchamber may be less than or equal to about 10:1.

A ratio of a length of the mixing chamber to a diameter of the mixingchamber may be less than or equal to about 30:1.

The feedstock gas may comprise natural gas. The feedstock gas maycomprise a mixture of natural gas and recycled gas. The recycled gas maycomprise one or more of: natural gas; hydrogen; carbon monoxide; andcarbon dioxide.

The combustible gas may comprise an oxidant. The oxidant may compriseone or more of oxygen and air. The combustible gas may comprise amixture of CH₄ and O₂. The combustible gas may comprise a mixture ofrecycled gas and the oxidant. The recycled gas may comprise one or moreof: natural gas; hydrogen; carbon monoxide; and carbon dioxide.

The combustible gas may be introduced into the combustion chambersimultaneously to the introduction of the feedstock gas into the mixingchamber.

The combustible gas may be introduced into the combustion chamber at apressure that is equal to a pressure with which the feedstock gas isintroduced into the mixing chamber.

The one or more products may comprise one or more of hydrogen andcarbon.

The one or more products may comprise one or more of hydrogen and carbonmonoxide.

The one or more products may comprise one or more of hydrogen, nitrogen,and carbon. The hydrogen and nitrogen may be used for ammoniaproduction.

Stopping further production of the one or more products may comprisereducing a pressure within the mixing chamber. The pressure within themixing chamber may be reduced sufficiently rapidly, for example by atleast 50% over less than 1 second, so as to inhibit carbon fouling ofthe mixing chamber.

A pressure wave generated by the combustion of the combustible gas mayinhibit carbon fouling of the mixing chamber.

The energy may be transferred from the combustible gas to the feedstockgas via gas dynamic compression and mixing.

A temperature in the combustion chamber after ignition but before mixingof the combustible gas with the feedstock gas may be ˜90 ATM and ˜3,700K, for example with pure O₂ as the oxidant and recycled gas as thecombustible gas.

After the mixing of the combustible gas with the feedstock gas, andbefore the one or more products are produced, at least a portion of themixture of the feedstock gas and the combustible gas may be transferredto a third chamber. Thus, the combustion chamber and mixing chamber maybe replenished with fresh combustible gas and feedstock gas while a userwaits for the one or more products to be produced in the third chamber.

In a further aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a feedstock gasreactor comprising: a mixing chamber; a combustion chamber; valving forcontrolling flow of gases into and out of the mixing chamber and thecombustion chamber; an igniter; and one or more controllers configuredto perform a method comprising: controlling the valving to introduce afeedstock gas into the mixing chamber, wherein the feedstock gascomprises one or more gases; controlling the valving to introduce acombustible gas into the combustion chamber, wherein the combustible gascomprises one or more gases; and thereafter, controlling the igniter toignite the combustible gas so as to cause the combustible gas to flowinto the mixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between thecombustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to mix with the feedstockgas, wherein energy is transferred from the combustible gas to thefeedstock gas and thereby causes one or more products to be produced.

The introductions of the feedstock gas and the combustible gas may besuch that the feedstock gas substantially does not mix with thecombustible gas.

The method may further comprise controlling the valving to stop furtherproduction of the one or more products.

The combustion chamber may be located within the mixing chamber. Thecombustion chamber may be offset from a longitudinal axis of the mixingchamber.

The combustion chamber may be located outside the mixing chamber.

The combustion chamber may comprise one or more apertures formedtherein.

The feedstock gas reactor may comprise any of the features described inconnection with the first aspect of the disclosure.

In a further aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a feedstock gasreactor comprising: a mixing chamber; a combustion chamber comprisingone or more apertures formed therein, wherein the one or more aperturesprovide one or more fluid flow paths from the combustion chamber to themixing chamber; valving for controlling flow of gases into and out ofthe mixing chamber and the combustion chamber; and an igniter.

The feedstock gas reactor may comprise any of the features described inconnection with the first aspect of the disclosure.

Controlling the valving may comprise controlling the opening and/orclosing of individual valves. Alternatively, or in addition, controllingthe valving may comprise rotating valves (for example using a motor)relative to the reactor.

In a further aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a systemcomprising: multiple feedstock reactors, each reactor comprising: amixing chamber; a combustion chamber; and an igniter; valving forcontrolling flow of gases into and out of the mixing chambers and thecombustion chambers; and one or more controllers configured to perform amethod comprising, for each reactor: controlling the valving tointroduce a feedstock gas into the mixing chamber, wherein the feedstockgas comprises one or more gases; controlling the valving to introduce acombustible gas into the combustion chamber, wherein the feedstock gascomprises one or more gases; and thereafter, controlling the igniter toignite the combustible gas so as to cause the combustible gas to flowinto the mixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between thecombustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to mix with the feedstockgas, wherein energy is transferred from the combustible gas to thefeedstock gas and thereby causes one or more products to be produced,wherein, for a given reactor, the method is performed out of phase withat least one other reactor of the multiple reactors.

For each reactor, the introductions of the feedstock gas and thecombustible gas may be such that the feedstock gas substantially doesnot mix with the combustible gas.

For each reactor, the method may further comprise controlling thevalving to stop further production of the one or more products.

The multiple reactors may be arranged radially about a central axis, andthe system may further comprise a rotator configured to: rotate themultiple reactors about the central axis relative to a valve assemblycomprising the valving; or rotate a valve assembly comprising thevalving about the central axis relative to the multiple reactors. Thus,the valve assembly may be rotated while the reactors are stationary, orthe valve assembly may be stationary while the reactors are rotated. Insome embodiments, the valve assembly and the reactors may even berotated at the same time.

Controlling the valving may comprise controlling the opening and/orclosing of individual valves. Alternatively, or in addition, controllingthe valving may comprise rotating valves (for example using a motor)relative to the reactors.

The system may comprise any of the features described in connection withthe first aspect of the disclosure.

In a further aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a systemcomprising: one or more of any of the above-described reactors; and oneor more fuel cells coupled to the one or more reactors and configured toreceive carbon produced from the mixing of the combustible gases withthe feedstock gases.

The system may comprise any of the features described in connection withthe first aspect of the disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the disclosure will now be described in detail inconjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a graph of mole fraction of hydrogen created from methane at apressure of 1 atmosphere under various temperatures and time constants;

FIG. 2 . shows a combination of natural gas dissociation and a carbonfuel cell for producing hydrogen, electricity and pure carbon dioxide,in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a system for cracking natural gas,according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIGS. 4A and 4B show different arrangements of a mixing chamber and acombustion chamber, according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a method of cracking natural gas,according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 6 shows different configurations of a system comprising bundledreactors operating out of phase, in accordance with embodiments of thedisclosure;

FIG. 7 shows bundled reactors rotating around stationary valves, inaccordance with embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a combustion chamber and a mixingchamber used to provide mixing of a feedstock gas with a combustiblegas, and a third chamber to which the combustible and feedstock gasmixture is directed and in which one or more products are produced fromthe mixture, according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of a combustion chamber and a mixingchamber used to provide mixing of a feedstock gas with a combustiblegas, and in which one or more products are produced from the mixture,according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 10 is a schematic block diagram of a combustion chamber and amixing chamber used to provide mixing of a feedstock gas with acombustible gas, and in which one or more products are produced from themixture, and wherein recycled gases are used to provide thermal energyfor the process, according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a combustion chamber located within amixing chamber, according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a combustion chamber located outside amixing chamber, according to embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 13 shows a combustion chamber arranged within a mixing chamber,according to embodiments of the disclosure; and

FIG. 14 shows a multi-reactor bundle with stationary reactors androtating valves, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure seeks to provide an improved method and reactorfor producing one or more products. While various embodiments of thedisclosure are described below, the disclosure is not limited to theseembodiments, and variations of these embodiments may well fall withinthe scope of the disclosure which is to be limited only by the appendedclaims.

The word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising”or “including” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one”,but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more”, “at leastone”, and “one or more than one” unless the content clearly dictatesotherwise. Similarly, the word “another” may mean at least a second ormore unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

The terms “coupled”, “coupling” or “connected” as used herein can haveseveral different meanings depending on the context in which these termsare used. For example, the terms coupled, coupling, or connected canhave a mechanical or electrical connotation. For example, as usedherein, the terms coupled, coupling, or connected can indicate that twoelements or devices are directly connected to one another or connectedto one another through one or more intermediate elements or devices viaan electrical element, electrical signal or a mechanical elementdepending on the particular context. The term “and/or” herein when usedin association with a list of items means any one or more of the itemscomprising that list.

As used herein, a reference to “about” or “approximately” a number or tobeing “substantially” equal to a number means being within +/−10% ofthat number.

Generally, according to embodiments of the disclosure, there isdescribed an ultra-rich pulsed pyrolysis process used to producehydrogen-rich gas and/or carbon products from natural gas feedstock. Forlarge-scale hydrogen production, the process could compete with SMR.

According to embodiments of the disclosure, there is described the useof an unsteady, constant volume pulsed reaction process to producehydrogen and carbon products from a natural gas-based feedstock. Aseparate chamber of combustible gases and an oxidant provides the energyfor the reaction, and is transferred directly to the feedstock mixingchamber by gas-dynamic compression and rapid mixing thermal energyexchange via direct contact. In the discussion below, air is used as theoxidant; however, other oxidants such as pure oxygen can be used in theprocess. Furthermore, the feedstock gas and combustible gas can comprisethe same gas or gas mixture or can comprise different gases or gasmixtures. In some embodiments, the combustible gas may comprise arecycled gas mixture.

The reactor comprises a mixing chamber and a combustion chamber. Thesechambers are connected via a number of passageways that are always open.In some embodiments, the reactor comprises a perforated tube (thecombustion chamber) within a larger solid tube (the mixing chamber); seeFIGS. 3 and 4A. In other embodiments, the combustion chamber can beexternal to the mixing chamber (as shown in FIG. 4B). External valvesprovide the feedstock, oxidant and combustible gas (shown as CH₄) aswell as the discharged hydrogen, carbon and other gases produced duringthe reaction.

Turning to FIG. 5 , at the start of the cycle, the mixing chamber isfilled with the products of the previous reaction cycle. The mixingchamber is filled with a mixture of products of the feedstock reactionplus a portion of the products of the combustion reaction. Thecombustion chamber is predominantly filled with the products of thecombustion reaction. At 500, fresh feedstock and perhaps some recycledproduct gases are introduced into the mixing chamber to displace theproducts of the previous cycle from the end of the mixing chamber. Atthe same time, a combustible gas/air mixture is introduced into thecombustion chamber, displacing the products of combustion from the endof the combustion chamber. At 502, all inlet and outlet valves areclosed, creating a closed volume. At 504, the gases in the combustionchamber are then ignited resulting in a pressure and temperatureincrease within the combustion chamber. At 506, the passageways betweenthe combustion chamber and the mixing chamber allow the combustible gasproducts to enter into the mixing chamber thereby compressing thefeedstock gases and increasing their pressure and temperature. Inaddition, the hot combustion chamber gas products mix with the feedstockgases and thereby transfer their thermal energy to the feedstock gases,further increasing their temperature. The resulting temperature andpressure of the feedstock gases causes a reaction to occur. At 508, thereaction is allowed to proceed for a period of time to complete thedesired reaction and develop the desired products. At 510, the pressurewithin the mixing chamber is rapidly lowered by releasing the productsto an external volume (not shown). Combustion product gases remaining inthe combustion chamber may be vented out with the mixing chamber gasesor vented out separately though a dedicated port. The pressure reductionin the mixing chamber reduces the temperature and stops or quenches thereaction. This rapid depressurization and expansion also has thedesirous effect of removing solid reaction products, such as carbon,from the reactor walls. In addition, the pressure wave generated fromthe combustion may strip carbon deposits from the reactor walls.

If the feedstock and combustible gases are premixed, the mixture may notignite, as it is too rich. Therefore, the mixing chamber and combustionchamber are distinct and separate prior to ignition, such that no orpreferably very little mixing occurs between the feedstock gas and thecombustible gas.

A number of reactor systems may be bundled together and operatedslightly out of phase with each other to produce a continuous flow intoand out of the reactor system. Valves can be stationary or rotating, asshown in FIG. 6 . In some embodiment, the reactors can be rotated andthe valves may remain stationary (see FIG. 7 , modified from FIG. 2 ofWave rotor design method with three steps including experimentalvalidation, Chan Shining et al., Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbinesand Power, December 2017, the entirety of which is hereby incorporatedby reference).

Various parameters may be adjusted to enable the reactor to workeffectively. The feedstock gas may be preheated to just below thetemperature at which it starts to react, before being introduced intothe mixing chamber. A typical temperature would be in the range of600K-1000K, depending on the feedstock components and working pressures.

Furthermore, the combustible gas/oxidant mixture being introduced mayalso be preheated before entering the combustion chamber. A typicaltemperature would be in the range of 400K-700 K depending on thecombustible gases used. Preheating the combustible gas/oxidant mixturemay improve the efficiency of the process such that more combustionenergy is transferred to the reactants rather than being used to heatthe products of combustion.

The volume ratio between the mixing chamber and combustion chambershould be set such that the correct amount of energy contained in thecombustion chamber is provided to the mixing chamber to produce thedesired products. There should also be sufficient combustible gasproducts entering the mixing chamber to provide effective mixing. Avolume ratio of <10:1 is generally desired. When using air as theoxidant, nitrogen may be beneficial as a non-reactive gas that promotesa lower volume ratio and increases mixing. When using pure oxygen as theoxidant, another gas such as CO₂ may provide the same benefit asnitrogen in the air as oxidant case. Introducing additional CO₂ to thecombustible gas mixture may result in greater solid carbon production.

The length-to-diameter ratio is important to obtain efficient energytransfer from the combustion chamber to the mixing chamber. Short,large-diameter reactors will tend to have poor mixing while long, skinnyreactors will develop challenges in introducing the feedstock andcombustible gases into the reactor along its length. A length-diameterratio of <30:1 is generally desired.

According to some embodiments, the reactor uses methane (or natural gas)in addition to some recycled product gases as the feedstock gas, and arecycled gas/oxidant mixture as the combustible gases. The reactor maybe designed and operated to maximize the production of hydrogen andsolid carbon in the reaction products stream. The reactor may comprise acombustion chamber, being a perforated tube, inside a mixing chamber.The perforated combustion chamber may be offset from the center of themixing chamber and bonded to a wall of the mixing chamber to providestructural integrity and support, as can be seen in FIG. 13 . The mixingchamber/combustion chamber volume ratio may be less than or equal 10:1and the length-to-diameter ratio may be 10:1. In some embodiments themixing chamber/combustion chamber volume ratio may be about 6:1, and insome embodiments the mixing chamber/combustion chamber volume ratio maybe about 3.5:1.

As can be seen in FIG. 14 , a number of reactor tubes may be arrangedtogether with external rotating valves providing the flow and sequencingof all feedstock, combustible gases and reaction products. A separateport may vent the combustion chamber combustion products.

The reactor may be operated at a sufficiently high pressure such thatthe resulting hydrogen can be purified using standard pressure swingabsorption technology. According to some embodiments, product gases suchas unreacted methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO) and some hydrogen arerecycled and mixed with more methane to produce the feedstock gasmixture to the reactor. The combustible gas mixture comprises therecycled gas mixture in addition (in the case of an air-blown reactor)to the CO₂ removed from the CO₂ removal system, and pure oxygen. In someembodiments, the recycled gas mixture flowing to both the combustion andmixing chambers contains CO₂ in addition to CH₄, CO and H₂. Thefeedstock gas mixture and the combustible gas mixture are preheated to˜900K and ˜600K respectively, from thermal energy recovered from thereactor products stream via a multi-stream heat exchanger. Inalternative embodiments, the mixing chamber/combustion chamber volumeratio is 3.5:1, methane (or natural gas)/air mixture is used for thecombustible gases.

There will now be provided a detailed description of embodiments of thedisclosure.

With reference to FIG. 8 , combustible gas 10 and oxidant gas 20 enterthe combustion mixture conditioning and control system 30 whichconditions the combustible gas mixture 31 to the correct temperature andpressure required by chamber 60. Feedstock gas 40 and recycle gasmixture 91 enter the feedstock mixture conditioning and control system50 which conditions the feedstock mixture 51 to the correct temperatureand pressure required by chamber 60. In some embodiments, a recycle gasmixture is not available and only the feedstock gas 40 enters thefeedstock mixture conditioning and control system 50.

Chamber 60 is a constant volume device which uses the combustion energyfrom the conditioned combustible gas mixture 31 to increase the pressureand temperature of the conditioned feedstock mixture 51 to a reactionready level. A combustion product gas mixture 67 comprising mainly ofthe combustion products of combusted conditioned combustible gas mixture31 may be vented from chamber 60. The reaction ready gas mixture 61enters the reactor 70, whereby it remains until the gas mixture isconverted in a constant volume endothermic reaction to the reactedproduct mixture 71. The constant volume reaction is an unsteady processwhich operates in a batch mode and requires control of flow timing. Thisis accomplished by flow control in conditioning systems 30, 50, andseparation and control system 80.

The reacted product mixture 71 enters the product separation and controlsystem 80 which stops the reaction in reactor 70 by reducing thepressure and temperature of the desired reacted product mixture 71 andseparates and/or purifies the individual product components 81, 82, theunwanted products 83 and the recycle gas mixture 84. The recycle gasmixture 84 enters the pre-conditioning recycle gas system 90 where therecycle gas mixture 84 is pre-conditioned to the desired temperature andpressure and flows to the feedstock mixture conditioning and controlsystem 50.

In some embodiments, the combustible gas 10 and the feedstock gas 40 arenatural gas, and the oxidant gas 20 is air. The desired reaction inreactor 70 is methane pyrolysis generally given by the followingequation:CH₄ (methane)+energy→C (carbon)+2H₂ (hydrogen)

The individual product 81 is hydrogen gas, the individual product 82 iscarbon, and the unwanted products 83 are primarily carbon dioxide,nitrogen and water. The recycle gas mixture 84 comprises primarily ofunreacted natural gas, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon monoxide.

The system in FIG. 9 is similar to that of FIG. 8 with the exceptionthat the chamber 60 and the reactor 70 are combined into the constantvolume reactor 62.

FIG. 10 is similar to FIG. 9 but with a portion of recycle mixture 84,conditioned in pre-conditioned recycled gas conditioner 90, sent to thecombustible gas conditioner and control system 30 to offset the amountof combustible gas 10 required.

FIG. 11 represents a cross-sectional view of either chamber 60 orconstant volume reactor 62. In this description, it represents constantvolume reactor 62.

Constant volume reactor 62 comprises a combustion volume 65 containedwithin combustion chamber 63. Combustion chamber 63 is surrounded byreactor volume 64 which is contained in reactor chamber 68. Passageways66 connect combustion volume 65 to reactor volume 64. Althoughcombustion chamber 63 is shown in the center of reactor chamber 68, thecombustion chamber 63 can be located anywhere in reactor chamber 68,including against the outside wall 69 of the reactor chamber 68.

Conditioned combustible gas mixture 31 enters combustion chamber 63through combustible gas mixture valve 32 and passageway 33, displacingany combustion product gas mixture 67 present in combustion volume 65out of reactor 62 via passageway 74 and combustion product valve 75.Conditioned feedstock gas mixture 51 enters mixing chamber 68 throughfeedstock gas mixture valve 52 and passageway 53, displacing desiredreacted product mixture 71 in reactor volume 64 out of reactor 62 viapassageway 73 and product valve 72. Both the conditioned combustible gasmixture 31 and the conditioned feedstock gas mixture 51 maysimultaneously enter constant volume reactor 62 at the same pressuresuch that there is very little mixing via passageways 66.

Once predominantly all the combustible gas mixture 67 and desiredproduct mixture 71 is displaced from reactor 62, combustion productvalve 75 and product valve 72 are closed. Once the desired reactorpressure is reached, combustible gas mixture valve 32 and feedstock gasmixture valve 52 are closed, creating a closed volume in reactor 62.Igniter 100 creates ignition energy 101 which allows conditionedcombustible gas mixture 31 in combustion chamber 63 to combust in anexothermic reaction creating combustion product gas mixture 67 atelevated temperature and pressure. Due to the resulting pressuredifference between combustion chamber 63 and mixing chamber 68, aportion of combustible gas mixture 67 enters reactor volume 64,compressing feedstock gas mixture 51 to a higher pressure.Simultaneously, this portion of hot combustible gas mixture 67 mixes andheats feedstock gas mixture 51 by conduction, convection and radiation.Feedstock gas mixture 51 is now at an elevated temperature and pressurewhich creates the conditions for an endothermic reaction to occur.Constant volume reactor 62 is maintained as a closed volume until theendothermic reaction proceeds long enough to create desired productmixture 71. Once this condition is reached, product valve 72 andcombustion product valve 75 are opened which drops the pressure andtemperature, stopping the endothermic reaction. The process thenrepeats.

FIG. 12 shows an embodiment of chamber 60 or constant volume reactor 62with combustion chamber 63 external to mixing chamber 68. Combustionvolume 65 is connected to reactor volume 64 via a number of passages 68.Multiple ignitors can be positioned along combustion chamber 63 tocreate specific combustion conditions if required. Multiple ignitors canalso be positioned in the constant volume reactor 62 of FIG. 11 if thecombustion chamber 63 is positioned next to reactor chamber wall 69.

FIG. 13 shows an isometric view of an embodiment of chamber 60 orconstant volume reactor 62 with the combustion chamber 63 directlybonded with the reactor chamber wall 69 of reactor chamber 68. Directlybonding combustion chamber 63 to reactor chamber wall 69 providesstructural support and alignment to combustion chamber 63, andessentially creates a one-piece chamber 60 or constant volume reactor62.

In order to create a quasi or semi-continuous flow system, multiplechambers 60 or constant volume reactors 62 can be arranged together andoperated out of phase such that each chamber or reactor is undergoing adifferent part of the process described in FIG. 11 .

FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of a multi-tube reactor 110, with amultitude of individual constant volume reactors 62 shown in FIG. 14arranged in a circular pattern. Conditioned combustible gas mixture 31enters multitube reactor 110 via passageway 34 into plenum 35.Conditioned feedstock gas mixture 51 enters multitube reactor 110 viapassageway 54 into plenum 55. Timing of conditioned combustion andconditioned feedstock gas mixtures entering multitube reactor 110 iscontrolled by inlet rotating valve 120 which is part of rotating valveassembly 121. Inlet rotating valve 120 performs the same function ascombustible gas mixture valve 32, passageway 33, feedstock gas mixturevalve 52, and passageway 53 described in FIG. 11 . The timing ofcombustion product gas mixture 67 and desired product mixture 71 leavingmultitube reactor 110 is controlled by outlet rotating valve 122 whichis part of rotating valve assembly 121. Outlet rotating valve 122performs the same function as combustion product valve 72, passageway73, feedstock product valve 75, and passageway 74 described in FIG. 11 .

Combustion product gas mixtures 67 from each constant volume reactor 62is collected in combustion product plenum 123 and distributed out of themultitube reactor 110 via passageway 125. Product mixture 71 from eachconstant volume reactor 62, is collected in product plenum 124 anddistributed out of the multitube reactor 110 via passageway, 126.

While the disclosure has been presented primarily in the context of thecracking of a feedstock gas, the disclosure extends to other methods ofproducing one or more products from a feedstock gas. For example, syngas(H₂ and CO) may be produced by adjusting one or more parameters of theprocess such that the combustible gas reacts (in addition to mixing)with the feedstock gas. For instance, the ratio of oxidant to recycledgas in the combustible gas may be increased, to increase the pressureand temperature of the combustible gas immediately after ignition, andthereby induce an appropriate reaction between the combustible gas andthe feedstock gas.

While the disclosure has been described in connection with specificembodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limitedto these embodiments, and that alterations, modifications, andvariations of these embodiments may be carried out by the skilled personwithout departing from the scope of the disclosure. It is furthermorecontemplated that any part of any aspect or embodiment discussed in thisspecification can be implemented or combined with any part of any otheraspect or embodiment discussed in this specification.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of producing one or more products,comprising: introducing a feedstock gas into a mixing chamber, whereinthe feedstock gas comprises one or more gases; introducing a combustiblegas into a combustion chamber, wherein the combustible gas comprises oneor more gases; and thereafter, igniting the combustible gas so as tocombust the combustible gas and thereby form one or more combustionproduct gases and cause the one or more combustion product gases to flowinto the mixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between thecombustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to cause the one or morecombustion product gases to mix with the feedstock gas, wherein, as aresult of the mixing of the one or more combustion product gases withthe feedstock gas, energy is transferred from the one or more combustionproduct gases to the feedstock gas and thereby causes a chemicalreaction to produce one or more products, wherein the energy is furthertransferred from the one or more combustion product gases to thefeedstock gas via dynamic compression of the feedstock gas as a resultof the one or more combustion product gases flowing into the mixingchamber and mixing with the feedstock gas.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein, prior to igniting the combustible gas, a pressure of thefeedstock gas in the mixing chamber is about equal to a pressure of thecombustible gas in the combustion chamber such that, during theintroduction of the feedstock gas into the mixing chamber and during theintroduction of the combustible gas into the combustion chamber, thefeedstock gas substantially does not mix with the combustible gas. 3.The method of claim 1, further comprising preheating the feedstock gasprior to introducing the feedstock gas into the mixing chamber.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising preheating the combustible gasprior to introducing the combustible gas into the combustion chamber. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein the feedstock gas comprises natural gas.6. The method of claim 5, wherein the feedstock gas comprises a mixtureof natural gas and gas recycled from the one or more products.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the recycled gas comprises one or more of:one or more components of natural gas; hydrogen; carbon monoxide; andcarbon dioxide.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the combustible gascomprises an oxidant comprising one or more of oxygen and air.
 9. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the combustible gas comprises a mixture ofmethane and the oxidant.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein thecombustible gas comprises a mixture of gas recycled from the one or moreproducts and the oxidant.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein therecycled gas comprises one or more of: one or more components of naturalgas; hydrogen; carbon monoxide; and carbon dioxide.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the combustible gas is introduced into the combustionchamber simultaneously to the introduction of the feedstock gas into themixing chamber.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or moreproducts comprise one or more of hydrogen and carbon.
 14. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the one or more products comprise one or more ofhydrogen and carbon monoxide.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the oneor more products comprise one or more of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon.16. The method of claim 1, further comprising reducing the pressurewithin the mixing chamber sufficiently rapidly so as to inhibit carbonfouling of the mixing chamber.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein thepressure within the mixing chamber is reduced by at least 50% over lessthan 1 second.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein a pressure wavegenerated by the combustion of the combustible gas inhibits carbonfouling of the mixing chamber.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein theone or more fluid flow paths comprise multiple fluid flow paths, whereinthe combustion chamber is connected to the mixing chamber via multiplepassageways defining the multiple fluid flow paths, and wherein the oneor more combustion product gases flow into the mixing chamber via themultiple fluid flow paths between the combustion chamber and the mixingchamber.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the energy is transferredfrom the one or more combustion product gases to the feedstock gas andthereby causes the chemical reaction to produce the one or more productsin a constant volume reaction.
 21. A system comprising: one or morefeedstock gas reactors, each feedstock gas reactor comprising: a mixingchamber; a combustion chamber, wherein multiple passageways connect thecombustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and wherein the multiplepassageways define multiple fluid flow paths; and one or more igniters;valving for controlling flow of gases into and out of the one or morefeedstock gas reactors; and one or more controllers configured toperform a method comprising: controlling the valving to introduce afeedstock gas into the mixing chamber of at least one of the one or morefeedstock gas reactors, wherein the feedstock gas comprises one or moregases; controlling the valving to introduce a combustible gas into thecombustion chamber of at least one of the one or more feedstock gasreactors, wherein the combustible gas comprises one or more gases; andthereafter, controlling the one or more igniters of at least one of theone or more feedstock gas reactors to ignite the combustible gas so asto combust the combustible gas and thereby form one or more combustionproduct gases and cause the one or more combustion product gases to flowinto the mixing chamber via the multiple fluid flow paths between thecombustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to cause the one or morecombustion product gases to mix with the feedstock gas, wherein, as aresult of the mixing of the one or more combustion product gases withthe feedstock gas, energy is transferred from the one or more combustionproduct gases to the feedstock gas and thereby causes a chemicalreaction to produce one or more products.
 22. The system of claim 21,wherein the one or more controllers are further configured, prior tocontrolling the one or more igniters, to control the valving tointroduce the feedstock gas into the mixing chamber of the at least oneof the one or more feedstock gas reactors at a first pressure, and tocontrol the valving to introduce the combustible gas into the combustionchamber of the at least one of the one or more feedstock gas reactors ata second pressure about equal to the first pressure such that thefeedstock gas substantially does not mix with the combustible gas. 23.The system of claim 21, wherein the combustion chamber of the at leastone of the one or more feedstock gas reactors is located within themixing chamber of the at least one of the one or more feedstock gasreactors.
 24. The reactor of claim 23, wherein the combustion chamber ofthe at least one of the one or more feedstock gas reactors is offsetfrom a longitudinal axis of the mixing chamber of the at least one ofthe one or more feedstock gas reactors.
 25. The reactor of claim 21,wherein the combustion chamber of the at least one of the one or morefeedstock gas reactors is located outside the mixing chamber of the atleast one of the one or more feedstock gas reactors.
 26. The system ofclaim 21, wherein the one or more feedstock gas reactors comprisemultiple feedstock reactors, and wherein, for a given feedstock gasreactor, the one or more controllers are further configured to performthe method out of phase with at least one other feedstock gas reactor ofthe multiple feedstock gas reactors.
 27. The system of claim 26,wherein, for each feedstock gas reactor, the one or more controllers arefurther configured, prior to controlling the one or more igniters, tocontrol the valving to introduce the feedstock gas into the mixingchamber of the feedstock gas reactor at a first pressure, and to controlthe valving to introduce the combustible gas into the combustion chamberof the feedstock gas reactor at a second pressure about equal to thefirst pressure such that the feedstock gas substantially does not mixwith the combustible gas.
 28. The system of claim 26, wherein themultiple feedstock gas reactors are arranged radially about a centralaxis, and wherein the system further comprises a rotator configured to:rotate the multiple feedstock gas reactors about the central axisrelative to a valve assembly comprising the valving; or rotate a valveassembly comprising the valving about the central axis relative to themultiple feedstock gas reactors.
 29. The system of claim 21, furthercomprising: one or more fuel cells coupled to the one or more feedstockgas reactors and configured to receive carbon produced from the mixingof the one or more combustion product gases with the feedstock gas. 30.A method of producing one or more products, comprising: introducing afeedstock gas into a mixing chamber, wherein the feedstock gas comprisesone or more gases; introducing a combustible gas into a combustionchamber, wherein the combustible gas comprises one or more gases; andthereafter, igniting the combustible gas so as to combust thecombustible gas and thereby form one or more combustion product gasesand cause the one or more combustion product gases to flow into themixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between the combustionchamber and the mixing chamber, and to cause the one or more combustionproduct gases to mix with the feedstock gas, wherein, as a result of themixing of the one or more combustion product gases with the feedstockgas, energy is transferred from the one or more combustion product gasesto the feedstock gas and thereby causes a chemical reaction to produceone or more products, wherein the energy is transferred from the one ormore combustion product gases to the feedstock gas and thereby causesthe chemical reaction to produce the one or more products in a constantvolume reaction.
 31. The method of claim 30, further comprisingpreheating the feedstock gas prior to introducing the feedstock gas intothe mixing chamber.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the feedstockgas comprises natural gas.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein thefeedstock gas comprises a mixture of natural gas and gas recycled fromthe one or more products, wherein the recycled gas comprises one or moreof: one or more components of natural gas; hydrogen; carbon monoxide;and carbon dioxide.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein the combustiblegas comprises an oxidant comprising one or more of oxygen and air. 35.The method of claim 34, wherein the combustible gas comprises a mixtureof methane and the oxidant.
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein thecombustible gas comprises a mixture of gas recycled from the one or moreproducts, and the oxidant.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein therecycled gas comprises one or more of: one or more components of naturalgas; hydrogen; carbon monoxide; and carbon dioxide.
 38. The method ofclaim 30, wherein the one or more products comprise one or more ofhydrogen and carbon.
 39. The method of claim 30, wherein the one or moreproducts comprise one or more of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
 40. Themethod of claim 30, wherein the one or more products comprise one ormore of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon.
 41. The method of claim 30,further comprising reducing the pressure within the mixing chambersufficiently rapidly so as to inhibit carbon fouling of the mixingchamber.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the pressure within themixing chamber is reduced by at least 50% over less than 1 second. 43.The method of claim 30, wherein the combustion chamber is connected tothe mixing chamber via multiple passageways, and wherein the one or morecombustion product gases flow into the mixing chamber via the multiplepassageways between the combustion chamber and the mixing chamber.
 44. Amethod of producing one or more products, comprising: introducing afeedstock gas into a mixing chamber, wherein the feedstock gas comprisesone or more gases; introducing a combustible gas into a combustionchamber, wherein the combustible gas comprises one or more gases; andthereafter, igniting the combustible gas so as to combust thecombustible gas and thereby form one or more combustion product gasesand cause the one or more combustion product gases to flow into themixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between the combustionchamber and the mixing chamber, and to cause the one or more combustionproduct gases to mix with the feedstock gas, wherein, as a result of themixing of the one or more combustion product gases with the feedstockgas, energy is transferred from the one or more combustion product gasesto the feedstock gas and thereby causes a chemical reaction to produceone or more products, wherein, prior to igniting the combustible gas, apressure of the feedstock gas in the mixing chamber is about equal to apressure of the combustible gas in the combustion chamber such that,during the introduction of the feedstock gas into the mixing chamber andduring the introduction of the combustible gas into the combustionchamber, the feedstock gas substantially does not mix with thecombustible gas.
 45. A method of producing one or more products,comprising: introducing a feedstock gas into a mixing chamber, whereinthe feedstock gas comprises one or more gases; introducing a combustiblegas into a combustion chamber, wherein the combustible gas comprises oneor more gases thereafter, igniting the combustible gas so as to combustthe combustible gas and thereby form one or more combustion productgases and cause the one or more combustion product gases to flow intothe mixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between thecombustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to cause the one or morecombustion product gases to mix with the feedstock gas, wherein, as aresult of the mixing of the one or more combustion product gases withthe feedstock gas, energy is transferred from the one or more combustionproduct gases to the feedstock gas and thereby causes a chemicalreaction to produce one or more products; and preheating the combustiblegas prior to introducing the combustible gas into the combustionchamber.
 46. A method of producing one or more products, comprising:introducing a feedstock gas into a mixing chamber, wherein the feedstockgas comprises one or more gases; introducing a combustible gas into acombustion chamber, wherein the combustible gas comprises one or moregases; and thereafter, igniting the combustible gas so as to combust thecombustible gas and thereby form one or more combustion product gasesand cause the one or more combustion product gases to flow into themixing chamber via one or more fluid flow paths between the combustionchamber and the mixing chamber, and to cause the one or more combustionproduct gases to mix with the feedstock gas, wherein, as a result of themixing of the one or more combustion product gases with the feedstockgas, energy is transferred from the one or more combustion product gasesto the feedstock gas and thereby causes a chemical reaction to produceone or more products, wherein the feedstock gas comprises a mixture ofnatural gas and gas recycled from the one or more products.
 47. A methodof producing one or more products, comprising: introducing a feedstockgas into a mixing chamber, wherein the feedstock gas comprises one ormore gases; introducing a combustible gas into a combustion chamber,wherein the combustible gas comprises one or more gases; and thereafter,igniting the combustible gas so as to combust the combustible gas andthereby form one or more combustion product gases and cause the one ormore combustion product gases to flow into the mixing chamber via one ormore fluid flow paths between the combustion chamber and the mixingchamber, and to cause the one or more combustion product gases to mixwith the feedstock gas, wherein, as a result of the mixing of the one ormore combustion product gases with the feedstock gas, energy istransferred from the one or more combustion product gases to thefeedstock gas and thereby causes a chemical reaction to produce one ormore products, wherein the combustible gas is introduced into thecombustion chamber simultaneously to the introduction of the feedstockgas into the mixing chamber.
 48. A method of producing one or moreproducts, comprising: introducing a feedstock gas into a mixing chamber,wherein the feedstock gas comprises one or more gases; introducing acombustible gas into a combustion chamber, wherein the combustible gascomprises one or more gases; and thereafter, igniting the combustiblegas so as to combust the combustible gas and thereby form one or morecombustion product gases and cause the one or more combustion productgases to flow into the mixing chamber via one or more fluid flow pathsbetween the combustion chamber and the mixing chamber, and to cause theone or more combustion product gases to mix with the feedstock gas,wherein, as a result of the mixing of the one or more combustion productgases with the feedstock gas, energy is transferred from the one or morecombustion product gases to the feedstock gas and thereby causes achemical reaction to produce one or more products, wherein a pressurewave generated by the combustion of the combustible gas inhibits carbonfouling of the mixing chamber.